Cooper Diaz's Blog

They are intermediate between the soft underfur…

cooperdiaz — Sun, 18 Jul 2010 06:18:47 +0000

They are intermediate between the soft underfur and the guard hairs of the topcoat. Their task is partly insulatory and partly protective.
They are bristly with a slight swelling towards the tip, before the final tapering-off.
Some authorities subdivide them into three types ” the down-awn hairs and the awn hairs and the guard-awn hairs ” but these subtle distinctions are of little value. The guard hairs form the protective topcoat.
They are the longest and thickest of the ordinary body hairs and serve to protect the underfur from the outside elements and keeping it dry and snug. These hairs are straight and evenly tapered along their length.
The vibrissae are the greatly enlarged and toughened hairs employed as sensitive organs of touch.
These specialized tactile hairs form the whiskers of the upper lips, and are also found on the cheeks and the chin, over the eyes and on the wrists of the forelegs.
Compared with the other types of hair there are very few of them, but they play a vital role when the cat is exploring in poor light, or is hunting.
Of the three types of general body fur on the wild cat and the down hairs are the most numerous.
For every thousand down hairs there will only be about three hundred awn hairs and twenty guard hairs. But these ratios vary enormously with the different breeds of pedigree cats.
This is because these felines have been carefully selected for their special kinds of coats. Some are fine and thin, others short and coarse, or long and fluffy.
The differences are due to exaggerations and reductions of the different types of hair.
Pedigree long-haired cats, for example, have excessively lengthy guard hairs, measuring up to 5 inches, and greatly elongated down hairs, but no awn hairs.
Some short-haired breeds have guard hairs that are less than 2 inches in length and sparse awn hairs and no down hairs.
Wirehair cats have all three types of body hair, but they are all short and curly.
The strange Cornish Rex cats have no guard hairs and only very short, curly awn and down hairs.
The Devon Rex has all three types of body hair, but they are all reduced to the quality of down hairs.
The amazing naked cat ” the Canadian Sphynx ” lacks both guard and awn hairs and has only a soft fuzz of down hairs on its extremities.
So selective breeding has played havoc with the natural coat of the cat, producing types of animal that would not all thrive in the wild today.
Some would suffer from the cold, others from the heat, and still others would become badly matted and tangled without their daily grooming.
Fortunately for these pedigree breeds there are usually plenty of human slaves around to tend to their needs and comforts and and should the worst happen and the animals be forced to fend for themselves as strays, changes would soon take place.

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The Background…

cooperdiaz — Sat, 17 Jul 2010 19:57:24 +0000

The Background
What then was the period in which The Economics was written?
It was one of revolution and civil war, following on from Russia’s collapse during the First World War.
The war that had begun in August 1914 had thrown an intolerable burden upon the industry of the Russian Empire.
Agriculture and the transport system were likewise soon staggering under the strains imposed by war.
Although there had been considerable growth in Russian manufacturing industry between 1880 and 1914, by any criteria it was still quite inadequate to cope with the strains imposed on it by modern industrialised warfare.
In terms of production and transport facilities the Russian Empire was far behind any of the other major participants in that war.
Although much of the industrial production was carried out in large modern units and these were still comparatively small islands in an ocean of small-scale production and a very backward agriculture.
In this respect it could be said that there was considerable unevenness within the economy as a whole.
In the first stages of the war production rose, but as the war dragged on it declined rapidly.
Food and raw material shortages reached famine proportions in the cities by the winter of 191617.
The revolution of February 1917 further aggravated this situation and brought about disruption of industry.
Therefore by the time of the October revolution, when the Bolsheviks assumed power and the whole economy was in a state of chaos.
Large areas of Western Russia were under German occupation until the collapse, in turn, of the Central Powers in November 1918.
Since the areas under occupation contained rich grain lands as well as the industrialised sectors of Russian Poland as it was then and the food shortages in the towns and the goods famine in the countryside were further exacerbated.

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Scriabin’s First Symphony is a cyclic and tautly structured…

cooperdiaz — Sat, 10 Jul 2010 21:03:56 +0000

Scriabin’s First Symphony is a cyclic and tautly structured work than can well manage without being manoeuvred towards the sound world of the Poem of Ecstasy , and Segerstam would have done better to have had more of an ear for pacing and projection than is evident here.
He’s much more in his element in prometheus , which heaves and sighs as though it’s actually giving birth to fire.
The daunting concertante piano part is well integrated into the burgeoning orchestral texture, and sharply articulated by Love Derwinger.
The ultimate distinction for any performance of this work must be to topple over and drown in its own pretentiousness and Segerstam’s direction doesn’t possess quite the urgency or the dazzle to achieve that.
But it’s a worthy attempt nevertheless and greatly assisted by the voluminous recording quality. [IJ]
PrÃ©ludes, Etudes, Mazurkas,(Selection)
This is a fascinating historical testament for specialist collectors, pianofiles, and the curious-minded, which offers some tantalising glimpses of great playing through a haze of appallingly bad (mono) reproduction.
The sound quality varies enormously throughout the 39 tracks,(which span roughly 50 years), but is at its worst in the eight cylinder recordings made by the composer himself in 1910.
Yet how interesting and how informative it is to note Scriabin’s rubati and rhythmic subtleties, and extreme tempi.
The famous D sharp Etude begins fairly quiet and slowly, but the temperature gradually rises to an incredible degree at the climax. Scriabin was obviously an heroic pianist and master of the big gesture.
By contrast Alexandre Goldweiser and the teacher of Nikolayeva, Berman and Bashkirov and seems quite tame and civilised.
The quality of sound on his tracks is boxy, but the playing ha a wistfulness about it and showing Goldweiser as a past master of charm and elegance on an intimate scale.
Surprisingly the highlight of the CD is undoubtedly the performances of Mazurkas by Samuel Feinberg (18901962).
He was the first Soviet pianist to play and record all of Bach’s Well-Tempered Clavier , and his Scriabin was praised by the composer. On listening to these performances it is easy to understand why.
Feinberg is devoted to every detail of the text, and his rhythmic understanding is breathtaking.
From the elegance of the slower pieces to the humour of Op. 3 No. 6 , he proves that Scriabin’s Mazurkas are worthy of the closest attention.
Heinrich Neuhaus and the great teacher, performs a selection of the PrÃ©ludes with a civilised warmth, authority of experience, and conviction of phrasing, whilst the disc finishes with performances from the composer’s son-in-law, Vladimir Sofronitski. Through the appalling Sofronitski’s tone.
The care and attention given to every phrase is apparent in a selection of Etudes before an enormously conceived Vers la flamme rounds off the recital in a haze of white hot passion and intensity. [MM]

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Now imagine the whole diagram being rotated out of…

cooperdiaz — Fri, 09 Jul 2010 01:12:07 +0000

Now imagine the whole diagram being rotated out of the page about an axis that connects the centres of the two circles. The line will sweep through a plane, and the circles will sweep through spheres.
So in three dimensions inversion turns an infinite plane into a finite sphere in a one-to-one mapping of every point. This is where computer graphics comes to the geometer’s aid.
Drawing three-dimensional objects is quite difficult, but for computers the task is almost as easy as drawing a two dimensional object.
The computer simply projects the object onto a plane, in an act of transformational geometry called perspective.
Figure 8 shows a computer’s rendering of a plane and its image (a sphere) after inversion.
Each star on the plane corresponds to its inverted image on the sphere; you can see how the angles are preserved under the transformation.
There are various ways of mapping a plane on to a sphere (or vice versa) but there is no way of doing this without producing some kind of distortion or another; Mercator’s projection of the globe on to a flat map, leads to a diminutive Africa and an exaggerated Greenland.
Inversion has the advantage of preserving circles and angles, and hence proportion locally if not globally.
The upper pole of the sphere is the centre of the inversion and the increasingly small stars that approach it correspond to the increasingly large stars lying at greater and greater distances on the plane.
To produce this picture a computer program included a specification for both the position of the eye (the view-point) and the plane on to which the three-dimensional configuration is projected.
It also had to solve the problem of “hidden lines”: how do you tell the computer not to draw those lines that the eye would not be able to see?
Computer graphics can produce an image in a variety of ways, on a video screen, for example, or directly on to film.
For Figure 8, I used a plotter, a mechanical drawing board whose moving pen is controlled by the electronic signals coming from the computer.
Watching it in action is like seeing some fantastic automatic sewing machine, dropping and lifting its pen to draw and terminate the thousands of lines with a speed that belies its great accuracy.
Having created a plane pattern of tessellating hexagons and hexagrams (stars) and having programmed the computer to invert it, I watched the pen race round the board and wondered, would it draw anything sensible? Would it draw a sphere?
I knew it must in theory, but to see it happen was still a lovely surprise.
From its beginnings more than a century ago, modern mathematics has aimed at a total abstraction in the interests of rigour and distillation of its logic.
One consequence of this has been a distrust of geometric intuition and the downgrading of geometry by educationalists over the past 50 years or so.
This demise of the oldest discipline in the world is clearly absurd and ripe for serious reconsideration.
To begin with, geometry has more value than simply as a means of acquiring a grasp of mathematical concepts.
The applications of a disciplined spatial intuition to art and design, and to the study of natural morphologies in every conceivable science is so great that perhaps we might think of geometry as a semi autonomous department of mathematics with different as well as overlapping purposes to abstract mathematics.

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Before a virus can infect an animal cell it must first…

cooperdiaz — Wed, 30 Jun 2010 23:58:11 +0000

Before a virus can infect an animal cell it must first bind to specific receptor molecules embedded in the cell membrane.
The receptors are probably glycoproteins (proteins with regions of carbohydrate attached) which perform some important function in the normal activity of the cell.
The vital coat proteins have presumably evolved sites that will bind to these glycoproteins, which then serve as the unwitting doormen, allowing viruses to enter the cell.
There is considerable debate about how viruses actually get inside animal cells and the mechanism of entry probably varies, depending on the type of virus and cell involved (see figure p 374).
One idea is that viruses can simply pass through the cell membrane, perhaps aided in some way by the receptor protein (B 1 in Figure).
But a lot of evidence suggests that entry occurs by endocytosis ” a well-documented process by which cells take up material from their environment.
The cell membrane first of all folds inwards to form a deep pit enclosing the virus (B 2 ).
Once the virus is completely surrounded the spherical pit breaks off and reseals to leave the virus inside the cell but enclosed within a membrane coat. When two membranes touch
A different mechanism has been suggested for those viruses that are already enclosed within a membrane in their free-living state.
When two membranes touch one another they can fuse into one, and fusion of the viral and cell membranes in this way could allow the virus to enter (B 3 ).
Dr Kai Simons and his colleagues at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory recently undertook a detailed study of the entry of Semliki Forest virus (which can cause encephalitis in mice) into animal cells.
Simons claims that this work provides the first reliable description of how an animal virus enters the cell and initiates infection. It came up with a complex route which involves both endocytosis and fusion.
The process begins when the Semliki Forest virus, which is enveloped in a membrane, enters the cell by endocytosis, leaving the virus surrounded by a double membrane (B4).
The outer membrane of this double-membraned structure then fuses with the membrane of a cell body called a lysosome.
Lysosomes contain enzymes which digest and modify material brought into the cell by endocytosis.
As shown in the Figure and the virus escapes the action of these enzymes by fusion between the viral and lysosomal membranes. This releases free viruses into the cytoplasm of the cell.
Simons’ group has also demonstrated that several other viruses, including influenza virus, also follow the entry path used by the Semliki Forest virus.
If this route proves to be common to many animal viruses it might point to new ways in which viral infections could be attacked with drugs.
Viruses often seem to enter bacterial cells by a completely different process in which the viral protein remains on the outside of the bacterial membrane while the genetic material is “injected” into the cell.
Viruses get inside plant cells mainly by direct entry at sites of cell damage, often caused by the piercing mouthparts of insects and other animals that carry the viruses.
Once inside an animal, cell viruses usually disintegrate into separated protein molecules and genetic material (C).

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The book highlights the problem university staff…

cooperdiaz — Thu, 03 Jun 2010 16:42:41 +0000

The book highlights the problem university staff have in keeping up with recent developments.
Only a very few of the many references in the bibliography are earlier than 1979 yet undergraduates are already arriving at university with first-hand experience of videotext and expect their lecturers to know more!
Finally I would like to mention three books which appeared during the year which we at Brunel are already using successfully.
Essential Computer Mathematics , by Seymour Lipschutz (in the Schaum’s Outline Series in Computers), was added to our first-year reading list in the autumn.
The 2nd edition of Cobol for Students by A. Parkin came out just in time for a course which started in January.
Last but not least, volume 2 of C. J. Date’s An Introduction to Database Systems appeared earlier this year.
This fills the gap caused by the decision to split the book into two parts when the 3rd edition was brought out. Vintage year for biochemistry
Anne Dell with Jean Beggs and Mario Panico
THE past year was a truly vintage one for biochemistry texts ” a new cell biology masterpiece, a new Lehninger and several up-to-date molecular biology texts and a number of monographs enriched the existing literature.
By far the most exciting is Molecular Biology of the Cell , which will surely become the standard work for cell biology.
It is delightfully written and beautifully illustrated, guiding the student from simple chemicals to macromolecules to cellular organisation and finally to multicellular organisms.
Parts 1 and 2 examine cellular structure and function to cover material usually taught in first year cell biology courses, while Part 3, on the behaviour of cells in multicellular animals and plants, is valuable for more advanced students.
The text of each chapter is split into sections averaging less than a page, each of which is introduced by an imaginative and succinct heading.
Albert Lehninger employs a similar presentation in his Principles of Biochemistry .
for many teachers the “old” Lehninger “Biochemistry (2nd ed, 1975)” has been a biochemical bible, but can we be equally enthusiastic about the “new”Lehninger? Sadly, I believe and the answer is no.
Lehninger reverts to the aims of the first edition, which was to provide a text suitable for American students; British students should begin first-year biochemistry with a better understanding of chemistry.
But Principles retains the first-class coverage of metabolism achieved in the earlier editions and I unreservedly recommend the new section on “Molecular transmission of genetic information”.

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St. Austins,

cooperdiaz — Sat, 29 May 2010 19:53:21 +0000

St. Austins,
Frensham.
“What I want from the politicians!”
Sir,” Election time does not have to be like this, and it wouldn’t be if politicians didn’t behave like cocks and strutting their stuff!
They are patronising and they insult us by not understanding ” and ignoring ” the real requirements of our time.
I want to hear politicians talk about taxing the polluter, cutting energy, improving public transport, creating way for the disabled to travel easily and getting freight off the roads.
I want to hear them discuss how they will bring an end to all forms of intensive animal farming, ban bloodsports, end testing on animals and stop animals being used in circuses, ban imports of fur products and end this disgraceful trade.
I want to hear how politicians plan to remove all nuclear weapons now that we know from experience ” following the Gulf War ” that nuclear weapons are not a deterrent. Julia Connor
Broad Oaks
Froxfield
Petersfield
Supermarket anxiety
Sir,” Thank you for publishing the letters of Mrs. Monica Brummell and Mrs. Rosemary Gomm, I fully agree with the contents of their letters.
I wish we at Homegreen House had been visited by a member of the council to explain what could happen if permission for a supermarket to be built is approved.
I remember when tennis premises extension plans were stopped by the National Trust. I hope they will intervene again.
Helene Blee

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But it is difficult to make and even more difficult…

cooperdiaz — Tue, 11 May 2010 08:06:20 +0000

But it is difficult to make and even more difficult to get taught properly. Hugh Hawes
Why so?
Nigerian colleague
You have blue bits and you have yellow bits and it’s going to be much easier for you to put them together one on top of the other so you have a blue and yellow syllabus. But you have to design a green syllabus.
You also have blue teachers and yellow teachers.
You will need to turn them into green teachers…and that will be even more difficult.
Thus Science syllabuses may include material formerly taught under the separate headings of General Science, Nature Study, Rural Science and Health Education; Social Studies syllabuses incorporate what used to be taught under History, Geography and Civics.
In Nigeria there has been an attempt to integrate Music, Dance, Drama and Fine Art under Cultural and Creative Art.
Typical of the trend is the new panel structure in Lesotho where panels are grouped into five main areas: Language, Mathematics/Science, Social Studies, Practical and Cultural Activities and Religious Knowledge.
Such integration can be largely formal; in Lesotho, for instance and the evidence of real integration in between Mathematics and Science is very slight.
On the other hand it may represent a genuine attempt by specialists in related subjects to sit down together and plan a programme which allows for separate activities but suggests common themes and provides examples of integrated lessons as in the Nigerian Cultural and Creative Art syllabus.
Yet again it may be the product of basic rethinking and true integration founded on new objectives and a fresh approach as in the Social Studies syllabus now under development in Sierra Leone where an integrated programme with significant regional variations is being planned in a series of central and local workshops and where a special series of booklets on skills development (e.g. map making, note taking skills, creative skills) is being produced for teachers.
One other pattern of integration has and to my mind, considerable potential value since it maintains a useful and workable balance between an entirely subject-based curriculum, often fragmented and irrelevant to real life and an integrated curriculum which may neglect essential learning skills, or prove beyond the capabilities of the ordinary teacher to teach effectively.
It involves the development of a restricted number of units of study based on themes which can be examined across the curriculum. In Lesotho for instance, a six week unit has been designed on transport. Another more modest project has been based on a school garden in Botswana.

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The farrier’s son would recognise spavin and splint…

cooperdiaz — Sun, 09 May 2010 16:39:28 +0000

The farrier’s son would recognise spavin and splint and stringhalt in the living horse although he did not know their nature.
Such students, it was said, would listen with mingled pleasure and wonder to the professor’s lectures and would perform their task with the greatest cheerfulness.
On the other hand and the student with previous medical training might grasp the rationale of these conditions, but he could not recognise them, and might well soon find his task a dirty drudgery.
Coleman was blamed for reducing the period of three years as originally fixed for the course of instruction in Vial’s time and to as little as three or four months and so that some men were sent out into practice at 19, 18, or even 17 years of age (as a contrary example, Coleman’s nephew, E.C. Dray, was a student for nine years).
The durations prescribed by the Royal College when it became responsible for the curriculum and examination have steadily increased. The two-year course was introduced in 1844 and endured for 32 years. From 18761885 there was a three-year course.
The four-year course and started in 1885, was replaced in 1932 by the five-year course which has lasted into the university degree era, with occasional variations.
We have no evidence that Vial provided, or indeed could have provided, a three-year course (apart from that, he was at one point rebuked by the governors for not paying enough attention to his teaching duties).
Even at the then much praised Alfort school and their four-year course was found to be too long.
It was held that about half this time would serve except in cases of great idleness or stupidity. Moorcroft spent only one year on the Lyons course, planned to occupy four years.
Students at that time could apparently choose when they wished to be examined (after the continental custom) as there was no fixed examination schedule as we know it.
The examination committee records in London show that the majority of students were examined after nine or 18 months’ instruction, and even then they stood a chance of being referred back for a further period of study.
The student could leave at any time he wished and take up unqualified practice, usually permanently, but sometimes temporarily.

TERCOM has a computer memory which…

cooperdiaz — Tue, 04 May 2010 18:52:24 +0000

TERCOM has a computer memory which stores up to 20 detailed maps covering small sections of the course that the missile is flying.
As it flies and the missile compares its true position with the map using altimeter readings.
As a safety measure and the warhead completes its arming process only as it nears the target.
Arming cannot take place until 24 separate events throughout the flight have occurred in the correct order.
Thus if the engine fails or the guidance system has a brainstorm and the risk of blowing up friendly forces is minimised.
The thermonuclear warhead has a yield of 150 to 200 kilotons, equating to 150000 to 200000 tonnes of TNT, compared with 20 kilotons for the Hiroshima bomb. TERCOM gives the nearest thing to perfect accuracy yet achieved.
According to tests with the missile in the US, of the missiles that successfully penetrate as far as their target, half will land within about 12 m of the aiming point. The tactical background to NATO’s new weapons
THE US, Soviet Union, Britain, France and China have for many years had huge arsenals of strategic nuclear weapons in the form of ballistic missiles and manned bombers.
These form today’s big stick: their owners hope that, by possessing the ability to kill tens of millions of people and destroy the fabric of modern industrial society and they will prevent an enemy from being stupid enough to risk all by waging all-out war. Beneath this umbrella of deterrence are tactical weapons.
If the strategic insurance policy fails, but the superpowers stop short of nuclear Armageddon, combatants will fight the war with tactical weapons.
All the weapons that Britain and Argentina used in the Falklands were tactical: warships, aircraft, guns, missiles. Even short-range nuclear missiles are tactical.
Their owners plan to fire them at an enemy’s military forces rather than against cities or factories.
In military thinking, NATO’s new force of 464 ground-launched cruise missiles and 108 Pershing IIs fits in between.
It is designed mainly to counter Russia’s Backfire supersonic bomber aircraft and SS-20 ballistic missiles.
NATO already has about 7000 tactical nuclear weapons in Europe in the form of Lance and Pershing Ia short-range ballistic missiles, Honest John rockets, artillery, bombs, atomic mines and depth bombs.

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